Measuring Light

<h2>Measuring Light: Illuminance, Luminance & More</h2>
<p>Explore our comprehensive selection of light meters and sensors for accurately measuring light levels. Find the perfect instrument for evaluating illuminance (lux), luminance (candelas per square meter), and other critical light parameters. Ensure optimal lighting conditions for photography, workplace safety, horticulture, and scientific research with our calibrated and reliable light measurement tools. Browse our collection and find the right device to meet your specific light measurement needs.</p>

ESCF0840L1NRYG-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYG-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRYG-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYG-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRYG-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYG-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NRYL-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYL-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRYL-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYL-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRYL-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYL-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NRYN-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYN-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRYN-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYN-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRYN-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRYN-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NRZG-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZG-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRZG-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZG-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRZG-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZG-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NRZL-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZL-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRZL-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZL-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRZL-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZL-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NRZN-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZN-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NRZN-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZN-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NRZN-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS485 passive mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NRZN-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS485 passive mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*50mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NSYG-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYG-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NSYG-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYG-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NSYG-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYG-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35*27mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

ESCF0840L1NSYL-2 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYL-2

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-2m

ESCF0840L1NSYL-20 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYL-20

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-20m

ESCF0840L1NSYL-4 Spraying Coating Light Curtain Sensor 8 beam, output NPN, RS232 active mode

SKU: ESCF0840L1NSYL-4

Product feature:

  • High accuracy to detect project even 2.5mm size;
  • Quick response time, adopt special algorithm to shorten the entire scan cycle;
  • Multiple output method, RS485, Rs232;
  • Standard communication protocol, using Modbus-RTU communication protocol;
  • Strong ability in resisting electromagnetic interference can effectively resist influence of various electromagnetic interference of motor equipment;
  • Wire synchronization technology to resist light interference effectively.

Specifications:

  • Series: ESCF0840
  • Beams (n): 8
  • Beam space (mm): 40
  • Detection Height (mm): 280
  • Total height (mm): 365
  • Brackets: L1 Side mounting
  • Output: NPN
  • Commumication method: RS232 active mode
  • Enclosure Size: 35.8*45mm
  • Sensing distance: 0.1-4m

Measuring Light: Illuminating Your Understanding of Light Measurement

Measuring light is a critical process across diverse industries, from scientific research and manufacturing to photography and architecture. Understanding and quantifying light allows for precise control over processes, accurate data collection, and optimized performance in various applications. This category delves into the intricacies of light measurement, providing insights into the instruments, techniques, and terminology essential for achieving accurate and reliable results.

Key Parameters in Light Measurement

Several fundamental parameters define and quantify light, each requiring specific measurement techniques and instruments. These include: Luminous Flux, which measures the total amount of visible light emitted by a source; Illuminance, quantifying the amount of light falling on a surface (measured in lux or foot-candles); Luminance, describing the brightness of a surface as perceived by the eye (measured in candelas per square meter); and Light Intensity, measuring the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle (measured in candelas). Other important aspects are Color Temperature which defines the color appearance of a light source and Spectral Power Distribution (SPD), the distribution of radiant power emitted by a light source as a function of wavelength. Precise measurement of these parameters is crucial for applications such as optimizing lighting systems, ensuring display accuracy, and evaluating the performance of light sources.

Instruments and Techniques for Light Measurement

A variety of instruments are employed to measure light, each designed for specific applications and measurement parameters. Lux meters are commonly used to measure illuminance, providing a direct reading of the light falling on a surface. Spectroradiometers are sophisticated instruments that measure the spectral power distribution of light sources, providing detailed information about the light's composition across different wavelengths. Integrating spheres are used to measure the total luminous flux of a light source by capturing all the light emitted in all directions. Luminance meters measure the luminance of a surface, allowing for the assessment of brightness and contrast. Advanced techniques, such as photometry and radiometry, provide a framework for standardized light measurement and ensure the accuracy and comparability of results. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of each instrument is essential for selecting the appropriate tool for a given measurement task. Furthermore, calibration of instruments is important for maintaining accuracy. Factors such as ambient light and stray light can influence measurements, therefore proper measurement techniques and procedures are necessary to minimize errors and achieve reliable results.